Damon Severson and Kyle Palmieri scored for the Devils (10-4-2). The loss ended a five-game winning streak by the Panthers against the Devils, including two straight here.
"It's a game we had to have," Schneider said. "We got the lead, hung on and it's good to get back on track. I felt pretty good. Maybe I wasn't as settled and efficient in the crease as I usually am, but I felt my battle level, in finding the puck and working hard, was better."
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The win was the first for Schneider in his past four starts (1-2-1).
Nick Bjugstad scored, and James Reimer made 19 saves for the Panthers (5-9-2), who are 1-4-2 in their past seven games.
"I thought we had our chances but just couldn't find the back of the net," Bjugstad said. "You've got to find ways to score in these types of games. We knew [Schneider] would be good in net, but we've just got to find ways to score."
Florida outshot New Jersey 33-21, including 17-4 in the third period.
"I think shots are there but you have to look at quality chances," Devils coach John Hynes said. "For us it wasn't we were on our heels or sitting back, it was just they had more shots."
Panthers coach Bob Boughner was pleased with the effort. Florida won 4-1 at the Buffalo Sabres on Friday, when it had a 31-25 shots advantage.
"I'm happy with our effort and execution, and thought we deserved better, but Schneider was the difference," Boughner said. "In my mind we've played six great periods the last two games. I'm not disappointed in how we played, just disappointed in not getting two points."