McCabe put the Maple Leafs ahead 2-1 at 8:14 of the second period with a shot from the center of the blue line that went in through a screen.
Robertson made it 3-1 at 17:34 when he took a drop pass from Matthew Knies and beat Vladar as he skated through the high slot.
The forward also had a goal and an assist against the Columbus Blue Jackets on Wednesday, and has five points (three goals, two assists) in his past four games. The production coincides with a move to the top line with Matthews and Knies. William Nylander, who had been playing in that spot, missed his third game in the past four because of a lower-body injury.
"It's a great opportunity," Robertson said. "It's a blessing, for sure. I think for me, I try to take advantage of it. They're just such good, talented players ... I think with more minutes played, more pucks on my stick, just more confidence. Nothing's changed for me as a player or anything, I think it's just I got more of an opportunity."
Flyers coach Rick Tocchet said the game turned in the second period, when Philadelphia was outscored 2-0 and outshot 12-7.
"We're passing up opportunities to shoot the puck and we don't have people going to the net," he said. "That's probably the biggest struggle for me this year, getting the guys to understand that."
Cowan scored his first NHL goal just 33 seconds into the third period to make it 4-1, taking a pass off the rush from Tavares. It was the forward's ninth game.
"You want to score and the first however many games I played in I didn't score," he said. "So just stuck with it in practice, kept getting better. ... Felt like it was just going to be a matter of time."